By Sarah Morgan
Italian government bond yields crossed into what many analysts say is unsustainable territory today, with the country’s 10-year bond paying out 7.4%. Other countries, including Greece, have needed bailouts after their bond yields have risen above 7%. There’s speculation that investors have already essentially lost interest in holding this debt, and that yields would be higher (and prices lower) if the European Central Bank weren’t buying up bonds, according to the Wall Street Journal.
- Getty Images
For brave investors willing to take the risk, it is possible to buy these high-yielding bonds. As with any domestic bond, there are typically two ways to buy bonds issued by foreign governments: One at a time, or as part of a bond fund. For investors looking to buy individual bonds issued by the Italian government, advisers say they should start by calling their brokerage firm, many of which sell international bonds. (There is no equivalent of Treasurydirect.gov, where U.S. investors can purchase Treasurys via an auction.) Because bonds are sold over the counter rather than traded on an exchange like stocks, the brokerage firm’s foreign trading desk will ask around to find out what firms have Italian bonds and at what price they’re willing to sell, says Ethan Anderson, a senior portfolio manager with Rehmann Financial. Investors typically need to invest at least $10,000, he says; the bigger the purchase, the better the prices. “It’s like when you go to Costco: If you buy in bulk, you get a better deal,” he says.
For those investors who aren’t picky about the particular bond issue, and that just want to bet on Italy getting its debt house in order, advisers say they can purchase the PowerShares DB Italian Treasury Bond ETN (ITLY). For the truly brave, there’s the PowerShares DB 3X Italian Treasury Bond ETN (ITLT), a triple-leveraged version which would capture three times any gains in the index, but also three times the losses. Advisers point out, however, that these are investments in futures, not directly in the bonds themselves, and so will likely be even more volatile.
Indeed, advisers caution that bets on Italian bonds are extremely risky. The yields on these bonds are rising now because their prices are falling, because few investors want to buy them (bond yields rise when prices fall, and vice versa). Part of the Greek bailout package included a 50% cut in the value of Greek bonds, and anyone holding Italian bonds now should worry a similar move could potentially impact their holdings, Anderson says.
Considering the potential returns, it may not be worth it, says Anderson. In the best case scenario, he explains, if there’s no “haircut,” investors holding the 10-year bonds to maturity will get the face value of the bond plus 6% and change in interest. Most investors taking such a big risk would want to see the potential for a lot more than 6% returns, says Mike McGervey, a certified financial planner and wealth adviser based in North Canton, Ohio.
Indeed, advisers say there are still less dangerous ways to snag decent yields. Bob Phillips, the managing partner of Spectrum Management Group, points out that U.S. junk bonds are currently yielding 8 or 9%, and default rates for these bonds remain low. On top of that, individual investors can easily buy corporate debt through diversified mutual funds or exchange-traded funds, he says.
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URL (Java 2 Platform SE v1.4.2)
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java.net
Class URL
java.lang.Object
java.net.URL
All Implemented Interfaces: Serializable
public final class URLextends Objectimplements Serializable
Class URL represents a Uniform Resource
Locator, a pointer to a “resource” on the World
Wide Web. A resource can be something as simple as a file or a
directory, or it can be a reference to a more complicated object,
such as a query to a database or to a search engine. More
information on the types of URLs and their formats can be found at:
archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Demo/url-primer.html
In general, a URL can be broken into several parts. The previous
example of a URL indicates that the protocol to use is
http (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and that the
information resides on a host machine named
ncsa.uiuc.edu. The information on that host
machine is named /SDG/Software/Mosaic/Demo/url-primer.html. The exact
meaning of this name on the host machine is both protocol
dependent and host dependent. The information normally resides in
a file, but it could be generated on the fly. This component of
the URL is called the path component.
A URL can optionally specify a “port”, which is the
port number to which the TCP connection is made on the remote host
machine. If the port is not specified, the default port for
the protocol is used instead. For example, the default port for
http is 80. An alternative port could be
specified as:
archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu:80/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Demo/url-primer.html
The syntax of URL is defined by RFC 2396: Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, amended by RFC 2732: Format for
Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs.
A URL may have appended to it a “fragment”, also known
as a “ref” or a “reference”. The fragment is indicated by the sharp
sign character “#” followed by more characters. For example,
java.sun.com/index.html#chapter1
This fragment is not technically part of the URL. Rather, it
indicates that after the specified resource is retrieved, the
application is specifically interested in that part of the
document that has the tag chapter1 attached to it. The
meaning of a tag is resource specific.
An application can also specify a “relative URL”,
which contains only enough information to reach the resource
relative to another URL. Relative URLs are frequently used within
HTML pages. For example, if the contents of the URL:
java.sun.com/index.html
contained within it the relative URL:
FAQ.html
it would be a shorthand for:
java.sun.com/FAQ.html
The relative URL need not specify all the components of a URL. If
the protocol, host name, or port number is missing, the value is
inherited from the fully specified URL. The file component must be
specified. The optional fragment is not inherited.
Since:
JDK1.0
See Also:Serialized Form
Constructor Summary
URL(String spec)
Creates a URL object from the String
representation.
URL(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String file)
Creates a URL object from the specified
protocol, host, port
number, and file.
URL(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String file,
URLStreamHandler handler)
Creates a URL object from the specified
protocol, host, port
number, file, and handler.
URL(String protocol,
String host,
String file)
Creates a URL from the specified protocol
name, host name, and file name.
URL(URL context,
String spec)
Creates a URL by parsing the given spec within a specified context.
URL(URL context,
String spec,
URLStreamHandler handler)
Creates a URL by parsing the given spec with the specified handler
within a specified context.
Method Summary
boolean
equals(Object obj)
Compares this URL for equality with another object.
String
getAuthority()
Gets the authority part of this URL.
Object
getContent()
Gets the contents of this URL.
Object
getContent(Class[] classes)
Gets the contents of this URL.
int
getDefaultPort()
Gets the default port number of the protocol associated
with this URL.
String
getFile()
Gets the file name of this URL.
String
getHost()
Gets the host name of this URL, if applicable.
String
getPath()
Gets the path part of this URL.
int
getPort()
Gets the port number of this URL.
String
getProtocol()
Gets the protocol name of this URL.
String
getQuery()
Gets the query part of this URL.
String
getRef()
Gets the anchor (also known as the “reference”) of this
URL.
String
getUserInfo()
Gets the userInfo part of this URL.
int
hashCode()
Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.
URLConnection
openConnection()
Returns a URLConnection object that represents a
connection to the remote object referred to by the URL.
InputStream
openStream()
Opens a connection to this URL and returns an
InputStream for reading from that connection.
boolean
sameFile(URL other)
Compares two URLs, excluding the fragment component.
protected void
set(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String file,
String ref)
Sets the fields of the URL.
protected void
set(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String authority,
String userInfo,
String path,
String query,
String ref)
Sets the specified 8 fields of the URL.
static void
setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac)
Sets an application’s URLStreamHandlerFactory.
String
toExternalForm()
Constructs a string representation of this URL.
String
toString()
Constructs a string representation of this URL.
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait
Constructor Detail
URL
public URL(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String file)
throws MalformedURLException
Creates a URL object from the specified
protocol, host, port
number, and file.
host can be expressed as a host name or a literal
IP address. If IPv6 literal address is used, it should be
enclosed in square brackets (‘[' and ']‘), as
specified by RFC 2732;
However, the literal IPv6 address format defined in RFC 2373: IP
Version 6 Addressing Architecture is also accepted.
Specifying a port number of -1
indicates that the URL should use the default port for the
protocol.
If this is the first URL object being created with the specified
protocol, a stream protocol handler object, an instance of
class URLStreamHandler, is created for that protocol:
If the application has previously set up an instance of
URLStreamHandlerFactory as the stream handler factory,
then the createURLStreamHandler method of that instance
is called with the protocol string as an argument to create the
stream protocol handler.
If no URLStreamHandlerFactory has yet been set up,
or if the factory’s createURLStreamHandler method
returns null, then the constructor finds the
value of the system property:
java.protocol.handler.pkgs
If the value of that system property is not null,
it is interpreted as a list of packages separated by a vertical
slash character ‘|’. The constructor tries to load
the class named:
<package>.<protocol>.Handler
where <package> is replaced by the name of the package
and <protocol> is replaced by the name of the protocol.
If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not
a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then the next package
in the list is tried.
If the previous step fails to find a protocol handler, then the
constructor tries to load from a system default package.
<system default package>.<protocol>.Handler
If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a
subclass of URLStreamHandler, then a
MalformedURLException is thrown.
No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.
Parameters:protocol – the name of the protocol to use.host – the name of the host.port – the port number on the host.file – the file on the host
Throws:
MalformedURLException – if an unknown protocol is specified.See Also:System.getProperty(java.lang.String),
setURLStreamHandlerFactory(
java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory),
URLStreamHandler,
URLStreamHandlerFactory.createURLStreamHandler(
java.lang.String)
URL
public URL(String protocol,
String host,
String file)
throws MalformedURLException
Creates a URL from the specified protocol
name, host name, and file name. The
default port for the specified protocol is used.
This method is equivalent to calling the four-argument
constructor with the arguments being protocol,
host, -1, and file.
No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.
Parameters:protocol – the name of the protocol to use.host – the name of the host.file – the file on the host.
Throws:
MalformedURLException – if an unknown protocol is specified.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
int, java.lang.String)
URL
public URL(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String file,
URLStreamHandler handler)
throws MalformedURLException
Creates a URL object from the specified
protocol, host, port
number, file, and handler. Specifying
a port number of -1 indicates that
the URL should use the default port for the protocol. Specifying
a handler of null indicates that the URL
should use a default stream handler for the protocol, as outlined
for:
java.net.URL#URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int,
java.lang.String)
If the handler is not null and there is a security manager,
the security manager’s checkPermission
method is called with a
NetPermission(“specifyStreamHandler”) permission.
This may result in a SecurityException.
No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.
Parameters:protocol – the name of the protocol to use.host – the name of the host.port – the port number on the host.file – the file on the hosthandler – the stream handler for the URL.
Throws:
MalformedURLException – if an unknown protocol is specified.
SecurityException – if a security manager exists and its
checkPermission method doesn’t allow
specifying a stream handler explicitly.See Also:System.getProperty(java.lang.String),
setURLStreamHandlerFactory(
java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory),
URLStreamHandler,
URLStreamHandlerFactory.createURLStreamHandler(
java.lang.String),
SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission),
NetPermission
URL
public URL(String spec)
throws MalformedURLException
Creates a URL object from the String
representation.
This constructor is equivalent to a call to the two-argument
constructor with a null first argument.
Parameters:spec – the String to parse as a URL.
Throws:
MalformedURLException – If the string specifies an
unknown protocol.See Also:URL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String)
URL
public URL(URL context,
String spec)
throws MalformedURLException
Creates a URL by parsing the given spec within a specified context.
The new URL is created from the given context URL and the spec
argument as described in
RFC2396 "Uniform Resource Identifiers : Generic * Syntax" :
<scheme>://<authority><path>?<query>#<fragment>
The reference is parsed into the scheme, authority, path, query and
fragment parts. If the path component is empty and the scheme,
authority, and query components are undefined, then the new URL is a
reference to the current document. Otherwise, the fragment and query
parts present in the spec are used in the new URL.
If the scheme component is defined in the given spec and does not match
the scheme of the context, then the new URL is created as an absolute
URL based on the spec alone. Otherwise the scheme component is inherited
from the context URL.
If the authority component is present in the spec then the spec is
treated as absolute and the spec authority and path will replace the
context authority and path. If the authority component is absent in the
spec then the authority of the new URL will be inherited from the
context.
If the spec’s path component begins with a slash character
"/" then the
path is treated as absolute and the spec path replaces the context path.
Otherwise, the path is treated as a relative path and is appended to the
context path, as described in RFC2396. Also, in this case,
the path is canonicalized through the removal of directory
changes made by occurences of ".." and ".".
For a more detailed description of URL parsing, refer to RFC2396.
Parameters:context – the context in which to parse the specification.spec – the String to parse as a URL.
Throws:
MalformedURLException – if no protocol is specified, or an
unknown protocol is found.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
int, java.lang.String),
URLStreamHandler,
URLStreamHandler.parseURL(java.net.URL,
java.lang.String, int, int)
URL
public URL(URL context,
String spec,
URLStreamHandler handler)
throws MalformedURLException
Creates a URL by parsing the given spec with the specified handler
within a specified context. If the handler is null, the parsing
occurs as with the two argument constructor.
Parameters:context – the context in which to parse the specification.spec – the String to parse as a URL.handler – the stream handler for the URL.
Throws:
MalformedURLException – if no protocol is specified, or an
unknown protocol is found.
SecurityException – if a security manager exists and its
checkPermission method doesn’t allow
specifying a stream handler.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
int, java.lang.String),
URLStreamHandler,
URLStreamHandler.parseURL(java.net.URL,
java.lang.String, int, int)
Method Detail
set
protected void set(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String file,
String ref)
Sets the fields of the URL. This is not a public method so that
only URLStreamHandlers can modify URL fields. URLs are
otherwise constant.
Parameters:protocol – the name of the protocol to usehost – the name of the hostport – the port number on the hostfile – the file on the hostref – the internal reference in the URL
set
protected void set(String protocol,
String host,
int port,
String authority,
String userInfo,
String path,
String query,
String ref)
Sets the specified 8 fields of the URL. This is not a public method so
that only URLStreamHandlers can modify URL fields. URLs are otherwise
constant.
Parameters:protocol – the name of the protocol to usehost – the name of the hostport – the port number on the hostauthority – the authority part for the urluserInfo – the username and passwordpath – the file on the hostref – the internal reference in the URLquery – the query part of this URLSince:
1.3
getQuery
public String getQuery()
Gets the query part of this URL.
Returns:the query part of this URL,
or null if one does not existSince:
1.3
getPath
public String getPath()
Gets the path part of this URL.
Returns:the path part of this URL, or an
empty string if one does not existSince:
1.3
getUserInfo
public String getUserInfo()
Gets the userInfo part of this URL.
Returns:the userInfo part of this URL, or
null if one does not exist
getAuthority
public String getAuthority()
Gets the authority part of this URL.
Returns:the authority part of this URLSince:
1.3
getPort
public int getPort()
Gets the port number of this URL.
Returns:the port number, or -1 if the port is not set
getDefaultPort
public int getDefaultPort()
Gets the default port number of the protocol associated
with this URL. If the URL scheme or the URLStreamHandler
for the URL do not define a default port number,
then -1 is returned.
Returns:the port number
getProtocol
public String getProtocol()
Gets the protocol name of this URL.
Returns:the protocol of this URL.
getHost
public String getHost()
Gets the host name of this URL, if applicable.
The format of the host conforms to RFC 2732, i.e. for a
literal IPv6 address, this method will return the IPv6 address
enclosed in square brackets (‘[' and ']‘).
Returns:the host name of this URL.
getFile
public String getFile()
Gets the file name of this URL.
The returned file portion will be
the same as getPath(), plus the concatenation of
the value of getQuery(), if any. If there is
no query portion, this method and getPath() will
return identical results.
Returns:the file name of this URL,
or an empty string if one does not exist
getRef
public String getRef()
Gets the anchor (also known as the “reference”) of this
URL.
Returns:the anchor (also known as the “reference”) of this
URL, or null if one does not exist
equals
public boolean equals(Object obj)
Compares this URL for equality with another object.
If the given object is not a URL then this method immediately returns
false.
Two URL objects are equal if they have the same protocol, reference
equivalent hosts, have the same port number on the host, and the same
file and fragment of the file.
Two hosts are considered equivalent if both host names can be resolved
into the same IP addresses; else if either host name can’t be
resolved, the host names must be equal without regard to case; or both
host names equal to null.
Since hosts comparison requires name resolution, this operation is a
blocking operation.
Note: The defined behavior for equals is known to
be inconsistent with virtual hosting in HTTP.
Overrides:equals in class Object
Parameters:obj – the URL to compare against.
Returns:true if the objects are the same;
false otherwise.See Also:Object.hashCode(),
Hashtable
hashCode
public int hashCode()
Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.
The hash code is based upon all the URL components relevant for URL
comparison. As such, this operation is a blocking operation.
Overrides:hashCode in class Object
Returns:a hash code for this URL.See Also:Object.equals(java.lang.Object),
Hashtable
sameFile
public boolean sameFile(URL other)
Compares two URLs, excluding the fragment component.
Returns true if this URL and the
other argument are equal without taking the
fragment component into consideration.
Parameters:other – the URL to compare against.
Returns:true if they reference the same remote object;
false otherwise.
toString
public String toString()
Constructs a string representation of this URL. The
string is created by calling the toExternalForm
method of the stream protocol handler for this object.
Overrides:toString in class Object
Returns:a string representation of this object.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int,
java.lang.String),
URLStreamHandler.toExternalForm(java.net.URL)
toExternalForm
public String toExternalForm()
Constructs a string representation of this URL. The
string is created by calling the toExternalForm
method of the stream protocol handler for this object.
Returns:a string representation of this object.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
int, java.lang.String),
URLStreamHandler.toExternalForm(java.net.URL)
openConnection
public URLConnection openConnection()
throws IOException
Returns a URLConnection object that represents a
connection to the remote object referred to by the URL.
A new connection is opened every time by calling the
openConnection method of the protocol handler for
this URL.
If for the URL’s protocol (such as HTTP or JAR), there
exists a public, specialized URLConnection subclass belonging
to one of the following packages or one of their subpackages:
java.lang, java.io, java.util, java.net, the connection
returned will be of that subclass. For example, for HTTP an
HttpURLConnection will be returned, and for JAR a
JarURLConnection will be returned.
Returns:a URLConnection to the URL.
Throws:
IOException – if an I/O exception occurs.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
int, java.lang.String),
URLConnection,
URLStreamHandler.openConnection(java.net.URL)
openStream
public final InputStream openStream()
throws IOException
Opens a connection to this URL and returns an
InputStream for reading from that connection. This
method is a shorthand for:
openConnection().getInputStream()
Returns:an input stream for reading from the URL connection.
Throws:
IOException – if an I/O exception occurs.See Also:openConnection(),
URLConnection.getInputStream()
getContent
public final Object getContent()
throws IOException
Gets the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for:
openConnection().getContent()
Returns:the contents of this URL.
Throws:
IOException – if an I/O exception occurs.See Also:URLConnection.getContent()
getContent
public final Object getContent(Class[] classes)
throws IOException
Gets the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for:
openConnection().getContent(Class[])
Parameters:classes – an array of Java types
Returns:the content object of this URL that is the first match of
the types specified in the classes array.
null if none of the requested types are supported.
Throws:
IOException – if an I/O exception occurs.Since:
1.3
See Also:URLConnection.getContent(Class[])
setURLStreamHandlerFactory
public static void setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac)
Sets an application’s URLStreamHandlerFactory.
This method can be called at most once in a given Java Virtual
Machine.
The URLStreamHandlerFactory instance is used to
construct a stream protocol handler from a protocol name.
If there is a security manager, this method first calls
the security manager’s checkSetFactory method
to ensure the operation is allowed.
This could result in a SecurityException.
Parameters:fac – the desired factory.
Throws:
Error – if the application has already set a factory.
SecurityException – if a security manager exists and its
checkSetFactory method doesn’t allow
the operation.See Also:URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
int, java.lang.String),
URLStreamHandlerFactory,
SecurityManager.checkSetFactory()
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Submit a bug or featureFor further API reference and developer documentation, see Java 2 SDK SE Developer Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples. Copyright © 2003, 2010 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Also see the documentation redistribution policy.
By WebOsPublisher
Gobacit – Newcastle University
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Newcastle University, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology (UoNew), (United Kingdom)
Partners in Alphabetical Order
Academy for the Study of the Environment and Social Well-being, (India)
Autonomous University of Barcelona (UoBar), Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, (Spain)
Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mexico
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Engineering, (Brazil)
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), Harvard University, (US)
Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO), (Mexico)
Leibniz Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning (IRS), (Germany)
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Institute of Engineering, (Mexico)
National University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Faculty of Social Sciences, Research Institute Gino Germani (FCS-IIGG), (Argentina)
National University of General Sarmiento (UNGS), Institute of the Conurbated Metropolitan Area (ICO), (Argentina)
Palestinian Hydrology Group for Water $ Environmental Resources Development (PHG), (Palestine)
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Division of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, (Sweden)
University of Cantabria (UoC), Department of Economics, (Spain)
University of Greenwich (UoGre), Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), (United Kningdom)
University of Uyo (Uyo), Dept of Geography $ Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, (Nigeria)
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology (GPS), Newcastle University, United Kingdom
The University of Newcastle is an international centre of excellence in water research. The School of Geography, Politics and Sociology (GPS) is the focus for applied social sciences in the water field. Researchers of GPS work on urban infrastructure in developing countries, gender and indigenous studies, privatization of the water industry and sustainable livelihoods.
The participating research team at Newcastle is a member of the Water Research Group in the Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability (NIReS).
Dr José Esteban Castro, Professor of Sociology (GOBACIT Co-ordinator)
Academy for the Study of the Environment and Social Well-being, India
The Academy is located in the city of Aligarh, about 140 kms. to the east of New Delhi. It aims to provide a forum where researchers, teachers, and doctors from universities, colleges, and research centres can interact and participate in research debates. It holds periodic meetings, and encourages publication of books and journals, research reports, newsletters, etc. It has an interdisciplinary approach and its members’expertise range from geography, environment, sociology, economics, education, medicine, anthropology,gender and women’s studies and related disciplines. In addition to academic activities, the institution also assists in organizing awareness camps for the improvement of environment and quality of life in the region.
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Dr Rais Akhtar, President
Dr.(Mrs) Nilofar Izhar, Secretary, and Editor of the Journal of Region, Health and Health Care.
Autonomous University of Barcelona (UoBar), Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Spain
The researchers participatin in GOBACIT are members of the Ecological Economics Group. This group started its activities in the early 1990s. In 1987, Martinez-Alier published his book Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society (Blackwell, Oxford). In 1994, Giuseppe Munda (with a doctorate from the Free University of Amsterdam on environmental applications of multicriteria evaluation) joined the UAB. Since 1997, the group’s activities were extended to postgraduate teaching through a Programme in Ecological Economics and Environmental Management in the framework of the Doctorate in Environmental Sciences at UAB. Members of the group publish their work in journals such as Ecological Economics, Environmental Values, Energy Policy, Environment and Planning, European Journal of Operational Research.
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Prof. David Saurí Pujol
Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mexico
Principal researcher involved in this network:
Dr Karina Beatriz Kloster
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Engineering, Brazil
The School develops teaching and research activities in the fields of sanitary and environmental engineering. It offers undergraduate courses and supports a Post graduate Program in Sanitation, Environment, and Water Resources, comprising master and doctoral degrees. This graduate program is offered jointly with the Department of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (EHR). The Master course in Sanitary Engineering was first created in 1972, and its name was changed in 1992 to Environment and Sanitation, reflecting the expanding interest of the School in environmental issues beyond the more restricted field of engineering. In 1996, the course was again renamed as Sanitation, Environment and Water Resources to incorporate the fields of hydraulics and Water Resources. The doctoral degree was strated in 2000.
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Co-ordinator: Prof. Léo Heller, School of Engineering
Prof. Nilo de Oliveira Nascimento, Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources
Dr Sonaly Rezende, School of Engineering
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), Harvard University – US
Principal researcher involved in this network:
Prof. Enrique Cifuentes
Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) – Mexico
The Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) is an international institution created with the mandate to promote teaching and research in the social sciences focusing on the development, integration and specific problems affecting Latin American countries. FLACSO was created in 1957 during the Latin American Conference on Social Sciences held in Rio de Janeiro with the support of UNESCO and the participation of the Member States. The original office was created in Santiago de Chile, but the 1973 military cup interrupted the activities, especially the postgraduate courses in Sociology and Political Science attended by students and professors from all over Latin America. This situation prompted the decentralisation of the institution in 1974 with the purpose of ensuring its permanence as an international body, which resulted in the creation of several academic units in different countries of the region. Today, FLACSO has units in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic and Surinam. The General Secretary is located in San Jose de Costa Rica.
FLACSO maintains an intensive collaborative activity with national, regional and international institutions through its teaching, research, consultancy and advisory activities. Among other institutions relevant for this project, FLACSO collaborates very closely with: Interamerican Development Bank (IDB); World Bank; UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); Deustches Jugendinstitut (DJI); Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD); Joint Research Centre, Comission of the European Communities; OREALC/UNESCO; UNICEF; Organization of American States (OAS); Organization of Iberoamerican States (OEI); UN Development Programme (UNDP); Pan American Health Organization (PAHO); Economic System of Latin America (SELA). FLACSO Mexico.
In the context of increasing globalisation, FLACSO Mexico promotes interdisciplinary approaches in the social sciences based on the creation of international research networks and thematic research areas. There is an ongoing feedback between research and teaching activities at FLACSO, which offer different courses: MA in Population Studies, MA in Social Sciences, MA in Government, MA and PhD in Social Sciences, PhD in Social Science jointly with Georgetown University. Among the main thematic areas currently covered by research projects are: Population and Demography; Society, Culture and Innovation; Public Policy and Government.
Dr María Luisa Torregrossa Armentia has headed the research programme on ‘Water and society’ since 1988. The activities of the programme have included the training of students, collaborative interdisciplinary research, and consultancy work for the Mexican Water authorities (National Water Commission [CNA], Mexican Institute for Water Technology [IMTA]) and international organizations inclduing FAO – Mexico and the World Bank.
Principal researchers involved in the network:
Dr María Luisa Torregrosa Armentia
Leibniz Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning (IRS) Erkner (near Berlin), Germany
The Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning (IRS) is a publicly funded research institute, belonging to the Leibniz Science Association, which specialises in urban and regional development. In interdisciplinary research teams the IRS analyses and assesses socio-economic, environmental and political developments and their management at a local, regional and international level. The IRS has a long-established track record of researching into, and advising stakeholders on, the governance of water resources and water infrastructure systems in cities and regions. Special fields of the IRS’ social science research on water are the spatial organisation of water resource management, relating to the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive, and institutional changes to systems of water supply and wastewater disposal. The IRS has considerable experience in disseminating its research results not only to the scientific community but also to decision-makers and other relevant actors at local and regional levels. The IRS has a staff of ca. 25 researchers and 30 non-research staff as well as considerable administrative and technical resources, including a specialist library, a high-performance DTP-system and a publicity unit. The IRS also houses a rich archive on urban design and planning in the GDR.
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Dr. Tim Moss
Dr. Ross Beveridge
Mr. Matthias Naumann
Institute of Engineering (UNAM), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
The Institute of Engineering is one of the 22 Research Institutes of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Latin America’s largest university. More than 1000 researchers and students work at the Institute in different areas of engineering, including the area of Environmental Engineering that concentrates water research activities. The team directly involved in GOBACIT is the Water Treatment and Reuse Group (GTR), which has the objective of studying and developing solutions for: (a) the integrated management of water, (b) norms to control water pollution and quality, and (c) the treatment and reuse of water and biosolids. The GTR has been working for more than 12 years and during this time has produced several research papers, patents and technological projects. The GTR works for the government, private companies and research foundations and runs a Postgraduate Programme in Environmental Engineering that accepts students reading for Master and Doctoral degrees. All postgraduate students in our Postgraduate Programme are funded through scholarships or research grants. The Institute also welcomes applications for postdoctoral projects.
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Dr. Blanca Jiménez Cisneros
Research Institute Gino Germani (IIGG), Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Buenos Aires (UBA-FCS), Argentina
The Research Institute Gino Germani (IIGG) at the Faculty of Social Sciences (FCS), University of Buenos Aires, is one of the largest social science research centres in the country. It was created on the basis of the well-established Institute of Sociology, originally launched in 1940, which became an international research centre thanks to the contribution of the Italian sociologist Gino Germani. Today, it houses academics from the five sub-faculties of the FCS, Sociology, Political Science, Communication, Labour Relations, and Social Work, and also a number of senior researchers from the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET). Work is organized in thematic areas and is carried out by interdisciplinary research teams with expertise in health, population, culture, politics, rural studies, urban studies, state reform, conflict and social change, labor and employment, gender issues, social stratification, public opinion, science and society, technological change, education, historical sociology, youth, epistemology and philosophy of social action. Among the Institute’s research teams with expertise relevant for this project is worth mentioning the following: Population, Health and Society, Conflict and Social Change, Urban Studies, Public Sector and State Reform, Science, Technology and Society.
A facet of the Institute’s activities which is highly relevant for this research project is that it has developed a co-operative working framework with a number of NGOs, government departments, municipalities, research centers, universities, and international organizations. In addition to this, the IIGG has already established research links with several user and community organizations which have been recently involved in mobilizations and negotiations around the provision of water and sanitation in Buenos Aires. This will favor the access to information, ensure the participation of stakeholders in the process, and provide an excellent vehicle for the dissemination of research results.
Principal researcher involved in the network:
Dr Emilio Crenzel
National University of General Sarmiento (UNGS), Institute of the Conurbated Metropolitan Area Buenos Aires, Argentina
The Institute of the Conurbated Metropolitan Area (ICO) is a leading centre dedicated to research, teaching and community service provision both at the national level and in Latin America. It makes a valuable contribution to the construction of a “public sphere” in the region by promoting meetings between intellectuals, politicians, technical personnel and social agents to discuss urban issues and sustainable development processes. The ICO’s research program focuses mainly on theoretical and socially relevant aspects of the “urban question”, and promotes a multidisciplinary approach to cover such issues as Social Policy, State, Government and Public Administration, Urban Economic Systems, Urban Ecology and Town Planning.
Principal researchers involved in the network:
Ms Andrea C. Catenazzi
Mr. Gustavo Kohan
Palestinian Hydrology Group for Water $ Environmental Resources Development (PHG) Jerusalem and Ramallah, Palestine
The PHG is a Palestinian non government non profit organization striving to promote the role of women and civil society in managing local water and its related environmental resources to ensure transparency, good water governance and just and equal provision of water and sanitation services to the rural and marginal communities in the West Bank and Gaza. PHG is also striving to promote water research capacity and infrastructure in Palestine. PHG is seeking local and international networking and partnerships to participate actively in promoting the sustainability and just allocation of water resources at local, regional and global levels. The PHG has accomplished a number of research projects in the field of water resources and wastewater, particularly issues of quantity and quality. It has currently 2 laboratories for analysis in the cities of Hebron and Gaza. In addition, the PHG is currently involved in several regional research projects and/or co-ordination activities funded by European Commision under the INCO and MEDA programmes, focusing on issues of humidity passive harvest technologies, water saving in agriculture, desalination. integrated water resources management, and user participation.
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Mr Ayman Rabi, Executive Director
University of Cantabria, Department of Economics Santander, Spain
Principal researchers involved in this network:
Dr. Daniel Díaz Fuentes
Dr. Judith C. Clifton
Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), University of Greenwich (UoGRE), United Kingdom
PSIRU’s core work involves maintaining a database and website monitoring developments in privatisation worldwide in water, energy, waste management and healthcare. This empirical work forms the basis for further reports e.g. on water privatisation in different regions. PSIRU is also the lead coordinator of a major 3-year research project on decision-making on water in cities in Europe, Watertime (watertime.org). The project is funded by the European Commission funded under the 5th Framework Programme. PSIRU has just completed a 2-year international anti-corruption project for the international trade unions, funded by the Wallace Global Foundation. PSIRU’s reports and core database are funded by Public Services International (PSI), the global federation of trade unions representing workers in public services. PSIRU is recognised worldwide for its work on public services and privatisation, especially in the fields of water, energy, waste management and healthcare.
Principal researchers involved in the network:
Dr. David Hall
Mr. Emanuele Lobina
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Division of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Sweden.
Principal researchers involved in the network:
Dr Jan-Erik Gustafsson
Dr Lina Suleiman
Dept of Geography $ Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Principal researchers involved in the network:
Dr Emmanuel Akpabio
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GOBACIT is a self-funded network of researchers from Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America.
E-mail: gobacit@ncl.ac.uk
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I dropped Sparky off at atenhor boarding facility. When I picked him up they had him in a kennel outside with no air conditioning. He’s an indoor dog and not use to the heat. It was august and 90 degrees outside! Never again.I’ve taken Sparky to the farm three times now and each time he jumps up and down as soon as we turn down the drive. He loves it there and it’s such a wonderful place. It’s has air conditioning, hammocks for the dogs and there were even little swimming pools. You can tell Tamara really loves animals and they love her too. Sparky runs right up to her which is something he rarely does. I’m happy I found this place and thrilled to leave a comment.
Just wait. It’s a near certainty that all the Eurozone countries will have to pay continuously higher interest rates going forward because they’ve broken the credit default swap system which was absorbing some of the interest cost. You may get future Italian bond issues at near 10% before the crisis is over…